Impact of obesity on the structures and functions of the stomatognathic system: A morphofunctional approach.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of obesity is increasing significantly worldwide, raising great concern among health professionals. This observational study evaluated the electromyographic activity and thickness of the masseter and temporalis muscles, in addition to the maximum molar bite force, in obese and eutrophic subjects. METHODS: Sixty subjects were divided into three groups: I (7-12 years), II (13-20 years), III (21-40 years) and sex: with 10 men and 10 women for each group. Electromyographic recordings of the masticatory muscles were obtained during mandibular tasks. The masticatory muscles thicknesses were obtained at rest and during dental clenching. The maximum molar bite forces were measured on the right and left sides. The difference in outcome measures between the groups and sex was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS: Electromyographic activity in the masseter and temporal muscles consistently displayed lower levels in obese subjects of both sexes across all three age groups during mandibular tasks. Additionally, greater thickness of the masticatory muscles was observed in obese subjects of both sexes across all three age groups. Obese women in Group II displayed higher values of molar bite force, both on the right and left sides, compared to eutrophic women. On the other hand, women in Group III exhibited higher values of molar bite force on the right side in comparison to eutrophic women. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscores the potential impact of obesity on the morphofunctional aspects of the stomatognathic system in subjects aged 7 to 40 years.

Lycopene enhances bone neoformation in calvaria bone defects of ovariectomized rats.

Osteoporosis can affect a significant part of the population and fractures are the most common complications associated with this disease, leading to high public health costs. Thus, the prevention of fractures is relevant to individuals with signs and symptoms as well as to the health system. Postmenopausal osteoporosis has been associated with oxidative stress, emphasizing the importance of an efficient defense system to maintain bone health. Lycopene is a carotenoid with antioxidant properties that may stimulate osteoblastogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the influence of lycopene in the bone neoformation of calvaria defects in ovariectomized rats utilizing the concentration of 45 mg/kg. Wistar Hannover female rats were divided into ovariectomized and sham groups. The ovariectomized animals received 45 mg/kg lycopene (OvxL) or water (Ovx) by daily gavage the day after ovariectomy/sham surgery for 16 weeks. Twelve weeks after ovariectomy, there were performed 5-mm calvaria defects followed by euthanasia after 4 weeks. Samples of bone tissue were collected to perform morphological and morphometrical analysis of the neoformed bone area, and percentage with Software Image J. Morphological evaluation showed mature bone with more osteocytes in the group OVxL when compared to the other groups. The morphometrical analysis demonstrated a significant increase of bone neoformation in the group OvxL (p<0.05). The data obtained suggest that lycopene benefits bone repair in the absence of estrogenic hormones.

Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index Applied to Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic / Índice de Qualidade de Vida de Ferrans e Powers Aplicado a Estudantes de Enfermagem Durante a Pandemia de COVID-19

COVID-19 pandemic can have a significant impact on an individual's physical and emotional well-being. However, it is important to note that not all experiences of the pandemic are negative. This study aims to evaluate the perception of quality of life of students enrolled in a nursing course during the COVID-19 pandemic by administering a global questionnaire. A quantitative, exploratory, cross-sectional, and descriptive study to investigate perception of quality of life of students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants comprised 80 students graduating with a nursing qualification between 2020 and 2021. The Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index was used in the study. The mean scores are reported as follows: health/functioning domain (22.06), socioeconomic domain (21.40), psychological/spiritual domain (23.34), and family domain (23.06), with an average general quality of life index of 22.46. After evaluating the domains, it was found that there was a higher perception of the psychological/spiritual domain and lower perception of the socioeconomic domain. The results supported the internal consistency reliability of the entire Quality of Life (QLI; alpha=0.95) and the four subscales (alpha=0.88, 0.71, 0.92, and 0.80). The study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic did not have an impact on the perceived quality of life among students.(AU)

Pandemia de COVID-19 pode ter um impacto significativo no bem-estar físico e emocional de um sujeito. No entanto, é importante notar que nem todas as experiências da pandemia são negativas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a percepção da qualidade de vida de estudantes matriculados em um curso de enfermagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19 por meio da aplicação de um questionário global. Estudo quantitativo, exploratório, transversal e descritivo para investigar a percepção da qualidade de vida de escolares durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Participaram 80 estudantes concluintes do curso de enfermagem entre 2020 e 2021. O Índice de Qualidade de Vida de Ferrans e Powers foi utilizado no estudo. Os escores médios foram relatados da seguinte forma: domínio saúde/funcionamento (22,06), domínio socioeconômico (21,40), domínio psicológico/espiritual (23,34) e domínio família (23,06), com média geral do índice de qualidade de vida de 22,46. Após a avaliação dos domínios, constatou-se maior percepção do domínio psicológico/espiritual e menor percepção do domínio socioeconômico. Os resultados apoiaram a confiabilidade da consistência interna de toda a Qualidade de Vida (QLI; alfa=0,95) e as quatro subescalas (alfa=0,88, 0,71, 0,92 e 0,80). O estudo sugere que a pandemia de COVID-19 não teve impacto na qualidade de vida percebida entre os estudantes.(AU)

Lycopene enhances bone neoformation in calvaria bone defects of ovariectomized rats

Abstract Osteoporosis can affect a significant part of the population and fractures are the most common complications associated with this disease, leading to high public health costs. Thus, the prevention of fractures is relevant to individuals with signs and symptoms as well as to the health system. Postmenopausal osteoporosis has been associated with oxidative stress, emphasizing the importance of an efficient defense system to maintain bone health. Lycopene is a carotenoid with antioxidant properties that may stimulate osteoblastogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the influence of lycopene in the bone neoformation of calvaria defects in ovariectomized rats utilizing the concentration of 45 mg/kg. Wistar Hannover female rats were divided into ovariectomized and sham groups. The ovariectomized animals received 45 mg/kg lycopene (OvxL) or water (Ovx) by daily gavage the day after ovariectomy/sham surgery for 16 weeks. Twelve weeks after ovariectomy, there were performed 5-mm calvaria defects followed by euthanasia after 4 weeks. Samples of bone tissue were collected to perform morphological and morphometrical analysis of the neoformed bone area, and percentage with Software Image J. Morphological evaluation showed mature bone with more osteocytes in the group OVxL when compared to the other groups. The morphometrical analysis demonstrated a significant increase of bone neoformation in the group OvxL (p<0.05). The data obtained suggest that lycopene benefits bone repair in the absence of estrogenic hormones.

Resumo A osteoporose afeta grande parte da população e as fraturas são as complicações mais importantes relacionadas a essa doença, gerando altos gastos para o poder público. Dessa forma, a prevenção de fraturas decorrentes da osteoporose torna-se relevante tendo em vista que gera benefícios tanto para o indivíduo acometido pela doença quanto para o sistema de saúde. A osteoporose pós menoupasa tem sido associada ao estresse oxidativo, portanto, um eficiente sistema de defesa antioxidante é primordial para a manutenção da saúde óssea. O licopeno é um carotenoide antioxidante que aparentemente estimula a osteoblastogênese e inibe a osteoclastogênese. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência do licopeno na neoformação óssea em defeitos de calvária em ratas ovariectomizadas utilizando a concentração de 45 mg/kg. Foram utilizados 15 ratas Wistar Hannover pesando aproximadamente 200g, sendo que 10 animais foram submetidos à ovariectomia bilateral e 5 (Grupo Sham) foram submetidos à simulação da cirurgia de ovariectomia bilateral. Os animais ovariectomizados foram divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: Ovariectomizado (Ovx) e Ovariectomizado Licopeno (OvxL) que receberam água e licopeno respectivamente, por sonda gástrica, diariamente. As administrações iniciaram-se no dia seguinte à cirurgia de ovariectomia e/ou da exposição dos ovários e foram mantidas por 120 dias, data de realização da eutanásia. O grupo Sham recebeu água diariamente. Noventa dias após a ovariectomia bilateral foram confecionados defeitos ósseos nas calvárias de todos os animais e após trinta dias as ratas foram eutanasiadas. As amostras de tecido ósseo foram coletadas e foi realizado o processamento para a obtenção das lâminas histológicas. Foram realizadas as análises morfológicas e morfométrica, onde foi estimada a área (mm2) e porcentagem (%) relativa de osso neoformado utilizando o Software Image J. A avaliação morfológica evidenciou a ação benéfica do licopeno pois os animais que receberam esse antioxidante apresentaram um tecido ósseo mais maduro, com maior presença de osteócitos quando comparados aos demais grupos. Por meio das análises morfométricas verificou-se maior neoformação óssea para os animais que receberam o licopeno (p<0,05). Diante dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o licopeno na concentração de 45 mg/Kg teve efeito benéfico no processo de reparação, promovendo significante formação óssea frente à ausência de hormônios estrogênicos.

Orthodontic treatment of children with anterior open bite and posterior crossbite: An analysis of the stomatognathic system.

Dental malocclusions are deviations from normalities due to the inadequate growth and development of the dental arch which provides functional changes to the stomatognathic system. The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the electromyographic activity (EMG) the masseter and temporalis muscles, strength of the orofacial tissues and occlusal force of children with anterior open bite (n = 15) and posterior crossbite (n = 20), 7 days after the removal of the orthodontic apparatus. A fixed horizontal palatal crib was used in the treatment of anterior open bite and the fixed appliances Hyrax or MacNamara was used in the treatment of posterior crossbite. EMG of the masticatory muscles was recorded using an electromyograph with wireless sensors during mandibular tasks. Habitual chewing was assessed using the integral of the linear envelope of the electromyographic signal in the masticatory cycles. The strength of the tongue and facial muscles was measured using the Iowa Oral Pressure Instrument. T-Scan was used to analyze the force of occlusal contact. Molar bite force was measured by digital dynamometer. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the EMG data of the masseter and temporalis muscles in the static and dynamic mandibular tasks. There were no significant difference in strength of orofacial tissues, occlusal contact force and molar bite force 7 days after the removal of the orthodontic apparatus. The results of this study suggest that the orthodontic treatment of anterior open bite and posterior crossbite in children promoted functional alteration in the electromyographic activity of masseter and temporalis muscles.

Functional assessment of respiratory muscles and lung capacity of CrossFit athletes.

CrossFit is a high-intensity training related to physical fitness and respiratory capacity that can promote changes in lung function. This cross-sectional study was aimed at evaluating respiratory muscle strength, electromyographic (EMG) activity, and lung capacity in CrossFit athletes. Thirty subjects aged between 25 and 35 years were divided into groups: CrossFit athletes (n=15) and sedentary individuals without comorbidities (n=15). Respiratory muscle strength was evaluated using maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, lung capacity, and EMG of the sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, external intercostal, and diaphragm muscles at respiratory rest, maximal inspiration and expiration, and respiratory cycle. Data were tabulated and subjected to statistical analyses (t-test and Spearman test, P<0.05). Respiratory muscle strength on EMG of the sternocleidomastoid, serratus, external intercostal, and diaphragm muscles at the respiratory cycle and maximal forced inspiration and expiration were higher in the CrossFit athletes group than in the sedentary group without comorbidities. CrossFit athlete group showed significantly strong positive correlation between maximal inspiratory and expiratory muscle strengths (Spearman rho= 0.903, P=0.000), with increasing muscle strength during inspiration favoring an increase in strength during expiration. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) also showed a significantly high positive correlation (Spearman rho=0.912, P=0.000) in the CrossFit athletes group, showing that higher FVC favors higher FEV1. The results of this study suggest that improved fitness is based on increased respiratory muscle strength on EMG in CrossFit athletes.

Stroke: An electromyographic approach to the masseter and temporal muscles, orofacial soft tissue pressure, and occlusal force.

Stroke is a cerebrovascular disease that triggers changes in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and can compromise human body function. This cross-sectional observational study aimed to analyze the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the masseter and temporal muscles, orofacial soft tissue pressure, and strength of occlusal contacts in patients who had suffered a stroke. Twenty-four patients were divided into two groups: stroke (n = 12) and control (n = 12). The EMG of the masseter and temporal muscles was evaluated during mandibular rest, protrusion, right laterality, left laterality, and maximal voluntary contraction. The Iowa Oral Pressure Instrument (IOPI) was used to measure pressure from the tongue, lips, and buccinator muscles. A computerized system for occlusal analysis (T-Scan III) was used to measure the occlusal contact points of the right and left hemiarches (upper and lower) and the upper and lower first molars. Data were subjected to Student's t-test (p < 0.05). The stroke group had lower normalized electromyographic activity, with a significant difference in the left temporal muscle during rest (p = 0.03) when compared to the control group. There was a significant difference between the groups in tongue pressure (p = 0.004) with a lower mean value in the stroke group. There was a significant difference between the groups in the evaluation of the occlusal contact points of the first permanent molars, with a lower mean percentage in the stroke group. The results indicate that stroke negatively affects functional performance of the stomatognathic system.

Electromyographic analysis of the stomatognathic system of children with Molar-incisor hypomineralization.

INTRODUCTION: Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative defect of dental enamel that affects one or more permanent first molars, with or without involvement of the incisor teeth. This condition leads to challenges to dental care and treatment planning. AIM: Based on the hypothesis that children who have MIH possibly present alterations in postural and masticatory activities and considering the absence of studies investigating these parameters, the present study evaluated the functionality of the stomatognathic system considering the mentioned aspects. MATERIALS: The comparison of individuals with (MIHG; n = 32) and without MIH (CG; n = 32) was evaluated by electromyographic activity of the masseter and temporal muscles (right and left), as well as evaluation of the masticatory cycles during habitual mastication. RESULTS: MIHG showed muscle hyperactivity in postural and dynamic conditions compared to the CG; higher electromyographic values for MIHG when compared to CG in the following postural conditions: at rest for the right temporal (p = 0.00) and left temporal muscles (p = 0.03); in the protrusion to the right temporal muscle (p = 0.02); in the right laterality for the right masseter (p = 0.00) and left temporal muscles (p = 0.01); in the left laterality for the right masseter (p = 0.03) and left temporal (p = 0.04) muscles. In dynamic conditions with consistent food, significance was observed for the left temporal (p = 0.01); and with soft food for the right (p = 0.01) and left temporal muscles (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Children with MIH seem to have impaired functionality of the stomatognathic system. Children with MIH have alterations in the stomatognathic system.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Analysis of the Electromyographic Fatigue of the Masticatory Muscles.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a chronic degenerative disease that affects motor neurons, thereby promoting functional changes in the human body. The study evaluated the electromyographic fatigue threshold of the masseter and temporal muscles of subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A total of eighteen subjects were divided into two groups: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n=9) and disease-free control (n=9). The groups were equally divided according to gender (7 males, 2 females). The fatigue threshold was analysed using median frequencies obtained during the 5-second window (initial [IP], mid [MP], and final [FP] periods) of electromyographic signalling of the masseter and temporal muscles bilaterally, with reduction in muscle force during maximal voluntary dental clenching. Significant difference (p<0.05) in the left temporal muscle: IP (p=0.05) and MP (p=0.05) periods was demonstrated. The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis group showed a decrease in median frequency of the electromyographic signal of the masseter and temporal muscles compared to the control group. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis promotes functional impairment of the stomatognathic system, especially at the electromyographic fatigue threshold of the masticatory muscles.

Effect of intervertebral disc degeneration on the stomatognathic system function in adults.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the electromyographic activity (EMG) and thermographic patterns of the masseter and temporalis muscles and pressure of the orofacial tissues in individuals with intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). METHODS: This study had two distinct groups: with IDD (n = 16) and controls (n = 16). EMG at rest, protrusion, right and left laterality, and maximum voluntary contraction were evaluated. Tongue, orbicularis oris, and buccinator muscles pressures were measured by Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. The thermographic patterns were analyzed using infrared thermography. RESULTS: Comparisons between groups showed significant differences regarding at rest [right (p = 0.05) and left (p = 0.05) masseter and right temporal (p = 0.05)], orofacial tissue pressure [tongue (p = 0.001), orbicularis oris (p = 0.01), and buccinator (p = 0.0001)], but no significant differences for the thermographic patterns. CONCLUSION: IDD modifies the functionality of the craniomandibular complex, influencing the performance of the stomatognathic system.

Impact of Hemorrhagic Stroke on Molar Bite Force: A Prospective Study.

Stroke is a neurological deficit of cerebrovascular origin that promotes physical impairments of adult individuals. The present study is aimed to demonstrate whether hemorrhagic stroke affects the maximum molar bite force. The prospective study carried in Centro Universitario Claretiano de Batatais, Brazil, determined the distribution of the sample into two groups: hemorrhagic stroke group (n=18, median age, 62.5 years) and disease-free group (n=18, median age, 62.0 years), with 10 men and 8 women in each group. Subjects were paired one-to-one (age and body mass index). The dynamometer was used to measure the maximum molar bite force (right and left). All analyses were performed with a significance level of 5% (Student's t-test). Differences were found on the right (p=0.048) and left (p=0.042) molar bite force, with lower bite force (both sides) in hemorrhagic stroke group. The study suggests that hemorrhagic stroke negatively affects the maximum molar bite force and necessitates changes in food intake to nutritious and softer consistency foods.

Análise dos efeitos da marcha suspensa na atividade eletromiográfica dos membros inferiores e irradiação motora aos membros superiores em lesados medulares / Analysis of the effects of body weight-supported gait training on the electromyographic activity of the lower limbs and motor irradiation to the upper limbs in spinal cord injured patients

A reabilitação na esteira com suporte parcial de peso (ESPP) nos indivíduos lesados medulares pode reproduzir de modo passivo a marcha, proporcionando-lhes a descarga de peso em membros inferiores (MMII) e a manutenção da postura ortostática. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar se, durante a marcha passiva na ESPP, existe irradiação motora de MMII aos membros superiores. Foram selecionados três indivíduos do gênero masculino, com diagnóstico de Traumatismo Raquimedular baixo (T10 e L1), classificados como ASIA A com preservação parcial de raízes nervosas. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a uma avaliação passiva da marcha na ESSP, utilizando a avaliação eletromiográfica dos músculos: bíceps braquial (BB), reto femoral (RF) e gastrocnêmio lateral (GL) bilateralmente e a uma análise estatística, incluindo testes de Shapiro-Wilk e de Levene, One way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey HSD. Na condição clínica de repouso, observou-se menor ativação dos músculos BB bilateralmente, quando comparado aos músculos RF e GL, fato justificado pelos comprometimentos secundários advindos da lesão dos indivíduos. As condições clínicas do ciclo da marcha (CM) repetiram-se três vezes; no CM1 observou-se uma maior ativação eletromiográfica do músculo GL direito e uma menor ativação do músculo BB direito, e estatisticamente, GL direito e BB esquerdo demonstraram maior atividade média (resultados estatisticamente significantes). No CM2 o mesmo padrão de ativação do CM1 foi observado, no entanto o músculo RF direito reduziu seu limiar de ativação. No CM3 os níveis de ativação das condições anteriores mantiveram-se, no entanto, o músculo RF esquerdo apresentou aumento nos limiares de ativação eletromiográfica, quando comparado aos demais músculos. Com base nestes resultados, o músculo BB apresentou variações quantitativas na ativação eletromiográfica, determinando a presença de irradiação motora de MMII para superiores durante o CM. Em uma análise qualitativa, foi observado que durante as fases de apoio da marcha houve "picos" de ativação deste músculo. [au]

Rehabilitation on the treadmill with partial body weight support (PBWS) in individuals with spinal cord injuries can passively reproduce gait, helping them with weight bearing on the lower limbs (LL) and orthostatic posture. The objective of the study was to assess motor irradiation from the lower limbs to the upper limbs during gait training with PBWS. The participants were three male individuals diagnosed with low spinal cord injury (T10 and L1), classified as ASIA A, with partial preservation of nerve roots. Subjects were submitted to gait training with PBWS and electromyographic assessment of the muscles Biceps brachii (BB), Rectus femoris (RF) and Lateral Gastrocnemius (LG) on both sides. Statistical analysis included Shapiro-Wilk and de Levene tests, One way ANOVA test and Tukey's HSD post-hoc test. In the resting state, there was less activity of BB muscles on both sides when compared to the RF and LG, which can be explained by the secondary impairments arising from the individuals' injury. The gait cycle (GC) was repeated three times; in GC1 there was greater electromyographic activity in the right LG muscle and lower activity of the right BB muscle and, statistically, right LG and left BB showed higher mean activity (statistically significant results). In GC2, the same pattern of activity of GC1 was observed, but the right RF muscle reduced its activation threshold. In GC3, the activity levels of the previous cycles were maintained, but the left RF muscle showed an increase in the thresholds of electromyographic activation when compared to the other muscles. Based on these results, the BB muscle presented quantitative variations in electromyographic activation, demonstrating the presence of motor irradiation from LL to upper limbs during the GC. The qualitative analysis showed "peaks" of activity in this muscle mainly during the support phases of the gait training. [au]

Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Functional Analysis of Bite Force and Masseter and Temporal Muscles Thickness.

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a pathological condition associated with the intervertebral disc and is related to functional alterations in the human body. This study aimed to evaluate the maximum molar bite force and masseter and temporal muscles thickness in individuals with intervertebral disc degeneration. Thirty-two individuals were divided into two groups: those with degeneration of intervertebral discs (n=16) and those without degeneration (n=16). The maximum molar bite force (on the right and left sides) was measured using a dynamometer. Masseter and temporal muscle thickness during mandibular task rest and dental clenching in maximum voluntary contraction were analysed using ultrasound. Significant differences in the left molar bite force (p=0.04) were observed between the groups (Student's t-test, p<0.05). The intervertebral disc degeneration group had a lower maximum molar bite force. No significant differences in muscle thickness were observed between the masseter and temporal muscles in either group. However, based on clinical observations, the group with intervertebral disc degeneration presented less masseter muscle thickness and greater temporal muscle thickness in both mandibular tasks. Degenerative disease of the intervertebral discs promoted morphofunctional changes in the stomatognathic system, especially in maximum molar bite force and masticatory muscle thickness. This study provides insight into the interaction between spinal pathology and the stomatognathic system, which is important for healthcare professionals who treat patients with functional degeneration.

Effect of magnification factor by Galilean loupes on working posture of dental students in simulated clinical procedures: associations between direct and observational measurements.

Objectives: To determine the effect of different levels of Galilean loupe magnification on working posture as measured by compliance with ergonomic posture positions, angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck, and muscle activation in the neck and upper back region during simulated clinical conditions. Methods: An experimental laboratory study was performed in which the dependent variables were compliance with ergonomic posture requirements while performing simulated restorative procedures in Restorative Dentistry, angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck, and muscle activation in the neck and upper back. The independent variable was the level of Galilean loupe magnification, which was tested at four levels (naked eye, 2.5× magnification, 3.0× magnification, and 3.5× magnification). The cavity preparations and Class I composite resin restorations were performed on artificial first molars on a mannequin in a dental chair. The Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP) was used for the postural analysis; as was an analysis of the angular deviation from the neutral position of the neck and surface electromyography. Working posture was recorded on video over the course of the procedure. Participants were filmed from three different angles. The Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP) assessed compliance with ergonomic posture requirements. A locally produced posture assessment software analyzed angular deviation. Surface electromyography bilaterally assessed activation of the sternocleidomastoid, descending trapezius and ascending trapezius muscles. Two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) and either Tukey's post-hoc test or the Games-Howell post-hoc test were performed (α = 0.05). Results: During the cavity preparations and restorations, the use of Galilean loupes at all magnifications positively influenced working posture as measured by participants' compliance with ergonomic posture positions (p < 0.01) and neck angulation (p < 0.01); the use of these loupes did not affect muscle activation in the regions evaluated (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The use of Galilean loupes had a positive effect on dental students' working posture during the restoration procedures performed.

Bite Force, Thickness, and Thermographic Patterns of Masticatory Muscles Post-Hemorrhagic Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: Stroke is a neurological deficit of cerebrovascular origin, considered a 21st-century epidemic that causes functional changes in the human body. This study aimed to evaluate the stomatognathic system of patients after hemorrhagic stroke through the bite force, thickness, and skin temperature in the region of the masseter and temporalis muscles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four subjects were divided into groups: post-hemorrhagic stroke; with right side of the affected body (n = 12) and without the neurological disorder (n = 12). Maximum molar bite force was verified using a digital dynamometer. Muscle thickness was measured using ultrasound images obtained at rest and during maximal voluntary contraction of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Thermographic camera was used to record the thermographic patterns of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Data were subjected to Student's t-test (P < .05). RESULTS: The maximum molar bite force showed significant differences in the right (P = .04) and left (P = .03) sides, with a reduction in force in the post-hemorrhagic stroke group on the affected and unaffected sides. There was a significant difference (P < .05) in the thickness of the left temporal muscle at mandibular rest (P = .01) between groups. The post-hemorrhagic stroke group clinically presented greater muscle thickness in almost 100% of the muscles evaluated in both clinical conditions. There were no significant differences in skin temperature in the masseter and temporal muscles between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest functional changes in the stomatognathic system of subjects after a hemorrhagic stroke, especially concerning molar bite force and masticatory muscle thickness in the temporal muscle (unaffected side).

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in dopamine receptor D2 are associated with bruxism and its circadian phenotypes in children.

Objective: To evaluate the association of bruxism phenotypes with single nucleotide polymorphisms in FKBP5, DRD2, ANKK1, and COMT.Methods: Clinical oral examination was performed to diagnose bruxism phenotypes in 150 children. DNA was collected from saliva. Logistic univariate regression, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests were performed (p < 0.05).Results: Bruxism was associated with DRD2 (p = 0.02). Tooth grinding while awake was associated with ANKK1 (p < 0.001), and tooth grinding while asleep was associated with DRD2 in the additive (p = 0.030) and dominant (p = 0.008) model. Tooth clenching while awake was associated with ANKK1 in the additive (p = 0.005) and dominant (p = 0.008) models, whereas tooth clenching while asleep was associated with ANKK1 (p < 0.001) and with COMT in the additive (p = 0.001) and dominant (p = 0.003) models.Discussion: Polymorphisms in DRD2, ANKK1, and COMT are associated with bruxism phenotypes.

Texturized P(VDF-TrFE)/BT membrane enhances bone neoformation in calvaria defects regardless of the association with photobiomodulation therapy in ovariectomized rats.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate in vivo the response of bone tissue to photobiomodulation when associated with texturized P(VDF-TrFE)/BT in calvaria defects of ovariectomized rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar Hannover rats were submitted to ovariectomy/control surgery. Calvaria bone defects of 5-mm diameter were performed after 90 days of ovariectomy. The animals were divided into OVX (without laser (L) and membrane), OVX + P(VDF-TrFE)/BT, OVX + P(VDF-TrFE)/BT + L, and OVX + PTFE + L. It was utilized a low-intensity gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser (GaAlAs) with 780-nm wavelength and 30-J/cm2 energy density in 12 sessions (120 s). Thirty days after the bone defect the animals were euthanized for histological, microtomographic, and molecular evaluation. Quantitative analysis was analyzed by statistical software for p < 0.05. RESULTS: Histological parameters showed bone tissue formation at the borders of all group defects. The association of photobiomodulation and texturized P(VDF-TrFE)/BT was not synergistic and did not show significant changes in morphometric analysis and biomarkers gene expression. Nevertheless, texturized P(VDF-TrFE)/BT membrane enhanced bone repair regardless of the association with photobiomodulation therapy, with an increase of connectivity density when compared to the OVX + PTFE + L group. The association of photobiomodulation therapy and PTFE was synergistic, increasing the expression of Runx2, Alp, Bsp, Bglap, Sp7, and Rankl, even though not enough to reflect significance in the morphometric parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The utilization of texturized P (VDF-TrFE)/BT, regardless of the association with photobiomodulation therapy, enhanced bone repair in an experimental model of osteoporosis.

Does Systemic Arterial Hypertension Change the Function of the Stomatognathic System?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stomatognathic system of individuals with controlled systemic hypertension through comparison with a disease-free control group. Seventy individuals (44 female and 26 male) were divided into two groups: a controlled systemic hypertension (n=35) and a disease-free control (n=35). The individuals were evaluated on the basis of masticatory cycle efficiency of the value of the ensemble-averaged integrated linear envelope to the electromyographic signal of the masseter and temporalis muscles in the habitual (peanuts and raisins) and non-habitual chewing (Parafilm M); molar bite force (right and left) and ultrasound images from the bilateral masseter and temporal muscles at rest and maximum voluntary contraction. The data obtained were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between groups in the habitual (peanuts and raisins) and non-habitual (Parafilm M) chewing with reduced muscle activity to controlled systemic hypertension group. Muscle thickness occurred significant difference between groups at rest and maximum voluntary contraction of the temporalis muscles. There was no significant difference between groups in maximum molar bite force. The present study findings indicate that the controlled systemic hypertension promotes functional changes of the masticatory system, especially with respect to its masticatory efficiency and muscle thickness.

Photobiomodulation therapy does not depend on the differentiation of dental pulp cells to enhance functional activity associated with angiogenesis and mineralization.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of InGaAlP diode laser (660 nm) with or without an odontogenic medium (OM) in the functional activity of OD-21 cells. Undifferentiated OD-21 pulp cells were cultivated with or without OM and divided into four groups (n = 5): nonirradiated control (C -), nonirradiated + OM (C +), irradiated (L -), and irradiated + OM (L +). Laser application was performed in two sessions of a 24-h interval with an irradiance of 11.3 mW/cm2, energy density of 1 J/cm2, and total cumulative energy/well of 4.6 J. Cell proliferation, VEGF-164 expression, mineralization, and expression of Alp, Runx2, and Dmp1 genes, as well as immunolocalization of RUNX2 and MEPE proteins, were evaluated. Data were analyzed by statistical tests (α = 0.05). All studied groups showed a similar increase in cell proliferation with or without OM. After 7 and 10 days, a significatively higher concentration of VEGF-164 in L - group when compared to C - group was observed. A significant increase in mineralized nodules in the L + was noted when compared to C + in the same conditions. Photobiomodulation upregulated significantly Runx2 and Dmp1 expression after 10 days in L - and after 7 days in L + , with downregulation of Dmp1 after 10 days in L + group. Immunolocalization of RUNX2 and MEPE was expressive after 7 days of culture in the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus with a decrease after 10 days, regardless of the presence of OM. Photobiomodulation enhances metabolism associated with angiogenesis, gene expression, and mineralization regardless of the odontogenic medium in OD-21 cells.

A pilot study on the effects of transcutaneous and transmucosal laser irradiation on blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol in women.

The present pilot study had the objective to determine the effects of transcutaneous and transmucosal laser irradiation on arterial blood pressure (ABP), glucose (Glu) triglycerides (Tg), total cholesterol (Ch), high-density level cholesterol (HDL) and low-density cholesterol (LDL) immediately after treatment (T0) and after 30 (T30) and 60 (T60) days. Patients (n = 36) were selected and randomly distributed into 6 groups (n = 6/group; [G1] negative control, [G2] radial artery transcutaneous laser irradiation [G3] radial artery transcutaneous irradiation, [G4] transmucosal sublingual irradiation, [G5] transmucosal intra-nasal irradiation and [G6] extended radial artery transcutaneous irradiation). Blood exams were performed at T0, T30 and T60. Systolic and diastolic pressure results have indicated that patients' pressures ranged from 90 mmHg (P22, T30, G4) to 189 mmHg (P16, T0, G3) and 54 mmHg (P21, T60, G4) to 175 mmHg (P16, T30, G3). Levels of Glu at T30 and T60 varied from 5.53% (G1) to -5.78% (G6) and 1.21 (G2) to -8.69 (G6), respectively. Data was statistically assessed for normality and homogeneity of variances using the F-statistic and Bartlett's tests. Significant differences were determined using One-Way ANOVA and Fischer post hoc tests. Results indicated that treatments investigated can be safely used as an adjunct method to regulate blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol.